Boron deficiency in vegetables and fertilizers is often visible through symptoms such as thickened, brittle stems that crack easily, poor root development, dark green leaves, yellowing or deformed new leaves, damaged or necrotic growing points, abnormal flower development, and reduced fertility. Common boron fertilizers used in agriculture include borax and boric acid. These can be applied as base fertilizer, top dressing, or seed treatment. For base application, 0.5–1.5 kg of borax or boric acid per 667 m² is recommended. As a seed soak, a solution of 0.01% to 0.1% is used, with 1 kg of seed treated per 1 kg of seeds. Foliar sprays are most effective when using a 0.1% to 0.2% borax solution or 0.05% to 0.1% boric acid.
Molybdenum deficiency leads to stunted growth, yellowing, and wilting of leaves. Ammonium molybdate and sodium molybdate are the most commonly used molybdenum fertilizers. They are typically applied as seed treatments, soaking solutions, or foliar sprays. For seed dressing, 2–6 g of molybdenum fertilizer is used per 1 kg of seeds. A 0.05% to 0.1% solution is suitable for seed soaking, while top dressing should use a concentration of 0.01% to 0.1%.
Manganese deficiency causes small brown spots between leaf veins, especially on young leaves, and halts plant growth. Manganese sulfate is the most widely used manganese fertilizer. As a base fertilizer, 3–5 kg per 667 m² is recommended. For seed treatment, 5–7 g of fertilizer is used per 1 kg of seeds. A 0.05% to 0.1% solution is used for soaking, and 0.05% to 0.1% for top dressing.
Zinc deficiency results in rolled petioles, chlorosis, leaf clustering, shortened internodes, and dwarfed plants, leading to significant yield loss. Zinc sulfate is the most commonly used zinc fertilizer. As a base fertilizer, 1–1.5 kg per 667 m² is recommended, but it should not be mixed with phosphate fertilizers. Soaking seeds in a 0.02% to 0.04% zinc sulfate solution is effective, and 2–4 g per 1 kg of seeds is used for seed coating. Foliar sprays should use a 0.01% to 0.05% solution.
Copper deficiency causes stunted growth, yellowing of seedlings, and necrosis of the apical meristem. Copper sulfate is the most common copper fertilizer. It is applied at 1 kg per 667 m² as a base fertilizer, mixed thoroughly into the soil. For foliar sprays, a 0.02% to 0.04% solution is used, and a small amount of hydrated lime can be added to prevent leaf burn.
Iron deficiency leads to interveinal chlorosis, with leaves turning yellow or white. Ferrous sulfate is the primary iron fertilizer. It can be mixed with organic fertilizer at a ratio of 1:20 and applied as a base fertilizer. A 5% to 1% ferrous sulfate solution is also used for foliar applications.
Precautions:
(1) Foliar sprays of micronutrients should be applied once during the seedling stage and during the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, with 50–60 kg of water per 667 m² per application.
(2) Foliar sprays can be combined with other sprays, and adding 0.05% urea can enhance nutrient efficiency.
(3) Soaking time for seed treatments should generally last 6–12 hours.
(4) When used as a base fertilizer, micronutrients have a long-lasting effect and can be applied every 2–4 years. It’s important to apply evenly to avoid toxicity from high local concentrations. Micronutrients can be mixed with other nutrients or organic fertilizers for better results.
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