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Japan's revitalization of the equipment manufacturing industry began in the mid-1950s with signs of the “Petrolichemical Industry Support Policy†in 1955, the “Mechanical Industry Temporary Measures Act†(Mechanical Vibration Act) in 1956, and the “Electronic Industry Temporary†in 1957. Measures Act (electric vibration method). The "Regimes of the Machines Act" and the "Electricity Act" are aimed at revitalizing more than 30 mechanical products such as basic machinery, general-purpose parts, and export machinery. The Bank of Japan and the Small and Medium Enterprises Financial Corporation will implement special programs based on rationalization plans. loan.
In 1970, in order to revitalize the computer industry, Japan enacted the "Law on Information Processing and Revitalization Association" (Xinzheng Law), focusing on the development of computer hardware. In 1971, Japan revised and established the "Provisional Measures to Revitalize Certain Electronic Industries and Specific Machinery Industries" (Mechanical and Electrical Law) on the basis of the original "Environmental Vibration Act" and "Electric Vibration Act", focusing on supporting the automobile and computer industries. In 1978, in order to promote the development of the software industry, Japan enacted the "Provisional Measures to Revitalize Certain Information Industries" (machine letter method), which replaced the "Mechatronic Law." While Japan is enacting legislation for the machinery and information industry, it also provides corresponding state subsidies and financial subsidies to provide a lot of funds for the development of the company.
In March 1999, the Japanese government promulgated the "Basic Law for Manufacturing Basic Technology Promotion." The Japanese government believes that even in the information society of the future, manufacturing industry is always a basic strategic industry and must continue to strengthen and promote the development of basic manufacturing technology. The bill passed measures such as improving taxation policies and improving welfare benefits, so as to ensure that experienced skilled workers will not be lost and strengthen the cooperation of enterprises, universities, and research institutes.
Second, technology policy
1. Import inspection standards
Prior to joining the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), Japan established strict examination standards for technology import contracts of more than 30,000 U.S. dollars. It mainly includes: Preventing the introduction of technologies that impede domestic technological development and industrialization, preventing the introduction of widely used technologies due to monopoly, and hindering the healthy development of important domestic industries. With the increase of Japan’s industrial competitiveness, the Japanese government believes that it is necessary to reduce the restrictions on technology imports. In 1968, it established the “Law on the Introduction of Technology Liberalization†in addition to aircraft, weapons, gunpowder, atomic energy, space development, and computers. Petrochemical technology still requires individual review outside of the general introduction of technology liberalization.
2. Measures to promote technological development
The "Law on the Introduction of Technology Liberalization" puts forward: Increase investment in enterprise pilot research and enterprise new technology transformation, and enrich the basic research of the university and the government's pilot research department. Strengthen the working mechanism of government-industry cooperation, etc., make development and research organized, planned, and highly efficient; take measures to promote the establishment of a cooperative system among governments, universities, and enterprises; further adjust the relationship between government, experimentation, and research departments, and establish evaluation research The mechanism of the results is to better formulate research plans, promote domestic technical exchanges, and promote joint research with the industry. Efforts will be made to cultivate researchers, technical personnel, and technical experts, and ensure their quality and quantity. Measures will be taken to expand and strengthen science education institutions. At the same time, training of technical personnel and technical experts will be promoted to improve the treatment of researchers. For the comprehensive development and research that has been carried out, measures have been taken to establish a cooperative system for participation in research and development, and to quickly grasp domestic and international development research information and apply it extensively.
3. Characteristics of technology introduction
(1) Persist in leaning toward key development areas. From the mid-1950s to the 1960s, a large number of foreign technologies introduced by Japan were concentrated in the chemical industry sector, such as steel manufacturing equipment, large-scale power generation equipment, coal mining equipment, petroleum refining and ethylene and other chemical production equipment.
(2) Adhere to high standards of technology introduction.
In order to ensure the introduction of the most advanced technologies, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other competent provincial and provincial governments are responsible for reviewing the value of imported technology. The Ministry of Finance and its subordinate financial institutions are responsible for reviewing the financial status of the imported technology companies or joint ventures. Only two of the inspections are qualified before they are released. In the 1950s and 1960s, ethylene production equipment became a hot spot for the introduction. When the 300,000-ton ethylene production equipment was first introduced in the 1960s, the Ministry of Economy and Industry categorically rejected several 200,000 tons of imported ethylene production equipment from several well-known domestic companies. Apply to avoid inefficient investments.
(3) eliminate repeated introductions. In order to prevent the waste of funds brought about by the repeated introduction of technology and cause excessive competition among peer companies, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry adopted the practice of setting up technology-introduction window enterprises in the industry. For example, Japanese steel pipe was once designated as a window company for the introduction of oxygen blowing steel technology. After Japanese steel pipe introduced the technology, other companies could share this technology patent, which saved a lot of money and controlled excessive competition among peers. Once the country has mastered the technological development capability, the Japanese government blocked the source of imports and allowed domestic technology to develop rapidly. In the 1950s, with the introduction of large-scale power generation equipment, the “import of Unit 1, Unit 2 domestic, and Unit 3 export†were typical examples.
(4) The introduction of technology is more important than imported equipment. Compared with the import of hardware such as equipment and tools, Japan attaches more importance to the introduction of technologies. These technologies include the right to use patents, design drawings, and technical know-how. According to the investigation of Japan’s long-term credit bank, from 1955 to 1975, Japan used only less than US$6 billion in foreign exchange, and introduced advanced technologies developed in Europe and America that took more than 30 years and cost US$200 billion to develop. At the same time, Japan also spent more than 50 billion U.S. dollars to absorb, innovate, and introduce technology.
(5) Bocaizhongzhang. Japan is good at integrating and innovating different technologies from various countries. The most typical examples are steel technology, hot rolling technology and cold rolling technology. These technologies came from Austria, the United States, Germany, Switzerland, and the former Soviet Union, etc., and were then merged to form Japan's most advanced set of steel technologies.
4. Organizational implementation of key common technology development
Japan’s research on large-scale risks and the difficulty of relying on non-governmental forces for progress has been implemented by the government or government subsidies. The main measures are:
(1) The Ministry of International Trade and Industry established seven national industrial research and development institutions. Each prefecture and prefecture has set up its own industrial technology center from the perspective of resolving common technical problems in the region and revitalizing regional industries and SME technology. Its main businesses are: research and development, technical guidance, commissioned trials, equipment opening to the outside world, cultivation of technical personnel, and provision of technical information.
(2) Each year, budget funds are allocated to support the research and development of industrial technology centers, subsidies for research and development of small and medium-sized enterprises, subsidies for the improvement of regional industrial technology, and subsidies for joint research and development projects of industry and academia.
(3) Japan promotes technology exchanges between industry and academia and cross-industry, builds and perfects inter-regional research information network systems, establishes technology exchange plazas, etc., promotes the industrialization of technologies and brings about the mature effects of technological advancement.
Third, industrial organization policy
1. Promote the scale of the company
In 1963, the Industrial Structure Survey of Japan’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology proposed the “New Industrial System Theoryâ€. In order to adapt to the impact of the post-war technological revolution on industrial scale, Japan's enterprises have a small scale of production and small scale operations, and enterprises are over-competitive in terms of price, equipment investment, and technology development. They must strengthen the alliance and merger of companies, and stop excessive competition. By increasing the economies of scale of the company, the company's international competitiveness has been enhanced.
Under the guidance of this ideology, the Japanese government stipulates that companies prevent excessive competition, and at the same time, through the “government-civilian coordination systemâ€, establish coordination mechanisms among industry, finance, experts, scholars, and governments to artificially regulate industrial activities and actively Using the inducement function of the Japan Development Bank loan, it will provide key low-interest loans for equipment and funds required for mass production and centralized production systems, guide the merger and concentration of enterprises, and focus on promoting the scale of equipment in the steel and petrochemical industries to promote the automotive and pulp industry. The intensive and large-scale enterprise.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Japan's auto, steel, chemical, and marine industries merged on a large scale. Mainly in the horizontal merger of the same industry, especially in the heavy chemical industry with significant economies of scale, the horizontal merger is the most prominent. The Japanese government has also set up barriers to industry entry, requiring new enterprises to reach a considerable scale to enter. As stipulated in 1965, the annual capacity of new petrochemical enterprises to produce ethylene is not less than 100,000 tons, and it is adjusted to 300,000 two years later. Ton.
In October 1966, in response to the “Industry-Structure Review of the Future Steel Industry†issued by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, the United States and Europe were used as examples to point out the disadvantages of Japan’s “excessive competition†in terms of international competitiveness. Intensive management of the main body, the establishment of a new steel plant to ensure international competitiveness. At the same time, they called for companies to merge, co-invest, collaborate in production, and establish a mechanism for self-regulation among enterprises. As a result of the government's participation in the guidance, the companies of Gossip and Fuji that have similar product varieties, production equipment, processing equipment, research equipment, and circulation have issued "Merger Letters of Intent" in May 1968, and in March 1970. New Nippon Steel Corporation was established. From 1966 to 1973, the number of mergers per year in Japan exceeded 1,000, and super-large corporate mergers have emerged, such as the merger of Mitsubishi and Mitsubishi, and the merger of Nissan and Prince Auto.
2. Pay attention to the coordination of the relationship between large companies and SMEs
In order to prevent the dualization of industrial structure, in the late 1960s, the Japanese government adopted regulations such as the SME Guidance Law and the SME Modernization Support Act to promote the development of SMEs, and promote the establishment of close relationships between SMEs and large companies. Collaboration has become a subcontracted enterprise for large enterprises, and has incorporated enterprise series centered on large enterprises, which has opened up sales channels for small and medium-sized enterprises, and has improved the technology and management level, and enhanced the competitiveness and market share of products. Large companies also support component companies by participating in capital, providing equipment, dispatching technology, and management personnel, and establishing specialized cooperative production systems. By the 1970s, the dualism of Japanese industrial structure was basically eliminated. According to statistics, by 1980, the proportion of Japanese small and medium-sized subcontracting companies in the total number of enterprises was 84.1% for general machinery, 85.3% for electrical machinery, 87.7% for transport machinery, and 80.9% for precision machinery.
Fourth, fiscal policy
Tax relief
In 1957, the "Special Measures on Taxation and Taxation Act" implemented by the Japanese government provided special depreciation for the equipment that meets the requirements of the company. In 1958, the “Special Depreciation System for Mechanical Equipment Used in New Technology Enterprises†was formulated to provide subsidies for the transformation of experimental equipment. The “Deduction of Tax System for Experimental Research Fees†established in 1966 stipulates that if the fees required by a company to carry out a trial study in the applicable year of the system exceed the maximum amount of previous annual research, the excess amount will be deducted by a certain amount (20%). .
2. Policy loans
This loan is provided by the Japan Development Bank and the SME Finance Corporation. The Japan Development Bank established a "heavy machinery development" loan in 1964, and in 1968 it established a "new machinery enterprise" loan. These two new policies together with the "New Technology Corporate Loan" of 1951 formed the "Lending System for Domestic Technology Revitalization Funds". In 1970, the SME Finance Public Bank implemented the "Lending System for Domestic-made Technology, Corporateization, etc." to provide low-interest loans for the commercialization of new technologies and the commercialization of new machinery.
3. Government subsidies
The Japanese government provides enterprises with direct R&D subsidies and commissioned R&D grants to guide companies in R&D activities in key areas. In 1966, Japan enacted "entrusted research and development fees for large-scale industrial technologies", mainly to promote the development of new technologies and new products, select topics in the cutting-edge fields, and entrust companies to conduct research.
In 1967, the "Technical Improvement Subsidy System" was established. In 1968, the "International Competitive Capacity System" was established. In 1972, the "Protection and Support Industry System" was established. In the 1970s, the Japanese government allocated funds to finance the development of supercritical thermal power units of Mitsubishi, Toshiba, and Hitachi. In the 1980s, the Japanese government allocated funds for the development of superconducting practical technologies. According to statistics, for the development of high-tech products to provide government funding costs, the highest proportion of annual research and development costs in Japan reached 40%.
V. Financial Policy
The commercial bank system represented by the national urban banks and local banks provides financial services mainly for short-term loans, and the credit banking system represented by long-term credit banks and bond credit banks provides medium and long-term loans for enterprises.
In the process of corporate financing, the financial policy of MITI has played an important role. In guiding financial institutions to inject funds into enterprises, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry has strictly stipulated the conditions for obtaining preferential loans in accordance with the quality, market share, economic scale, and product level of enterprises, and encouraged enterprises to be fair in securing preferential government loans. competition.
Take the automobile as an example. In the 1950s, the Japan Development Bank promoted auto parts companies by rationalizing loans for auto companies. The auto parts companies that need to be supported by Toyota, Nissan, and other automakers provide a list, but the development bank also needs to make adjustments when it comes to making loans, requiring at least two or more auto parts companies that produce the same type of products to get Development bank loans to keep the competition. Auto parts companies must provide supplies to more than two Japanese auto companies in order to obtain loans. This will force companies to continuously improve their product quality and production levels in order to obtain loans, and cultivate a number of professional-oriented, industry-oriented companies. A certain economic scale of auto parts companies.
In 1953, with the revision of the “Prohibition of Monopoly Law†in Japan, the restrictions on companies were eased, and the original subsidiary companies of the old Mitsui, Mitsubishi, and Sumitomo three old fortune chakras were re-accumulated. At the same time, some post-war new chaebols were also integrated with each other and formed the famous six consortium-type (or financial-type) enterprise groups in Japan. The members of these enterprise groups are mostly enterprises or affiliated enterprises in the heavy chemical industry. The existence of enterprise groups objectively reduces the production costs and reduces the transaction costs between upstream and downstream enterprises in the industry. The development of the heavy chemical industry requires constant financing. The large banks within the group also provide favorable conditions for the financing of the company.
After the war, the role of Japan's multi-level banking system in the development of Japan’s leading industries was mainly reflected in:
(1) Huge financing function. After the war, the rate of free capital of large Japanese companies was still relatively low. Coupled with the lag in the development of the securities market, most of the funds invested by enterprises in equipment investment depended on bank supply. According to statistics, in the period of high-speed development of Japan's heavy chemical industry, 60 to 70% of the capital required for investment in corporate equipment comes from major banks such as city banks and long-term credit banks.
(2) risk sharing function. Since large-scale technological innovations in the heavy chemical industry are often accompanied by higher investment risks, Japanese banks usually adopt coordinated financing to disperse the risk of financing large-scale equipment projects. For example, when financing an ethylene plant project, the Japanese Development Bank first invests financial funds, and then the main bank of the company (group) takes the lead in coordinating financing. Assume that Bank A is financing 10 billion yen for the ethylene project of Company X, and other banks B, C, and D are financing 2 billion yen each. On the other hand, company Y is also implementing similar projects, with main bank B financing 10 billion yen, and other banks A, C, and D respectively financing 2 billion yen. In this way, banks have established financing relationships with petrochemical companies in order to avoid risks. This relationship not only reduces the risk of corporate investment, but also reduces the risk of bank failure.
(3) The dominant function of corporate governance. Banks not only hold large shares (more than 20%), but also play a leading role in corporate governance structures. From the perspective of the comparative relationship between the main bank and the enterprise, in most cases the main bank has an overwhelming advantage, so that the main bank has the ability to require companies to provide information on their operations and management status, and has the initiative to supervise the company.
In general, banks must conduct detailed investigations and studies on the credit and financial status of the company before the loan, which includes the investigation of the company's managerial ability, business style, technical level, and proficiency of the workers, and the company’s support. The project, power supply, source of raw materials, marketability of products, and the economic effects of investment are subject to a one-to-one review. After comprehensive analysis, it is decided whether or not to provide loans. From the time the loans are issued to the repatriation of principal and interest, the bank also pays attention to checking the production and operation of the company and the use of funds. In addition to the regular analysis of corporate reports, it also requires the person-in-charge of the company to report on the situation in person and find problems in a timely manner. The strict supervision and management of banks by enterprises has played a significant role in improving the efficiency of the use of funds.
6. Tariff Protection Policy
After the war, Japan adopted import quota restrictions and high tariff barriers on product imports to protect its domestic industry. After Japan’s accession to the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), the quantitative restrictions were gradually removed, but the role of tariffs in suppressing imports was strengthened in trade liberalization. In 1961 and 1962, Japan reformed the current tariff system. On the one hand, as the industrial competitiveness increases, the tariffs on related products are gradually reduced. On the other hand, some commodities are changed from ad valorem tax to specific tax, and flexible protection tariffs such as emergency tariff system, tariff quota system and mixed tariff system are formulated. system. What is more important is the establishment of a “lean tariff structure†that applies low-tariff production materials and high tariffs on consumption data for different industries, and implements low-tariff products for primary products, raw materials, and high tariffs for final products at different stages of production and processing. This new protection structure greatly improves the effectiveness of protection.
The Japanese government removes high tariff barriers by industry, and the first to remove high tariff barriers is those industries that already have international competitiveness. The removal of the protection of auto parts was in 1963, earlier than the auto production industry. The high tariff barriers for auto vehicles did not begin until the second year after Japan joined the OECD, that is, in 1965. However, by 1970, the import tariff of Japan's auto vehicles was still as high as 40%.
When the Japanese government gradually withdraws tariff barriers, it usually announces the withdrawal time in advance, and at the same time announces the basic requirements and development goals for the industry in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, forcing companies to work hard to increase their market competitiveness in accordance with market mechanisms. During the transitional period, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry will give guidance and assistance to enterprises and adopt various measures to support them. Practice shows that this approach is effective. Take the Japanese bearing industry as an example. When the government explained that after 5 years of opening the market, they competed for each other. When the market is truly open, all four bearing companies are highly competitive, with exports exceeding imports. However, due to the small space in the domestic market, South Korea only has one bearing company and announced the same policy, but the effect is not as good as Japan.
VII. Non-tariff protection measures
Japan's non-tariff protection mainly has the following forms:
1. Formulating domestic tax laws to make foreign products disadvantaged in the Japanese market
Japan has imposed object tax on cars, 15% of small passenger cars, 30% of medium-sized passenger cars, and 50% of advanced passenger cars. Since Japan produced only small-displacement cars in the early postwar period, it was the opposite of Europe and the United States. In fact, sales of European and American cars were curbed.
2. Implement strict technical inspections and market access standards
Products imported into Japan must meet the complex technical standards stipulated by the Japanese government and pass long inspections.
3. Formulate industry regulations to exclude foreign investors
Various departments of the Japanese government can formulate some industry regulations, which are obviously not conducive to the entry of foreign businessmen into the Japanese market. For example, Japan’s Ministry of Construction has formulated a lot of construction standards for participating in bids. For example, it is necessary to have many years of construction experience in Japan before bidding. It actually excludes foreign builders.
4. The protection of cultural and habitual factors
This is an intangible non-tariff barrier. The Japanese people have many unique cultural forms of transaction in economic activities that make foreigners scratch their heads and form what they call "unclear distribution networks."
5. Unique sales and maintenance network
Japan Grand Motors Corporation has formed a very large sales network. This makes it difficult for imported cars to compete in sales and maintenance. The U.S. government initially exerted pressure to allow Japan to import entire vehicles and later to import imported spare parts, because the United States could not compete with major Japanese car companies that had large sales and maintenance networks in terms of car sales and maintenance. Major Japanese auto companies have close ties with their sales stores, which is unmatched by foreign cars. In addition, the “Large Stores Law†enacted by the Japanese government is also not conducive to foreign companies going to Japan to engage in sales and marketing activities.
6. Focus on the skills of research legislation
When Japan uses non-tariff protection measures, especially when formulating relevant domestic laws and regulations, legal experts are involved, and they are very skillful. Japanese scholars themselves believe that the Japanese are as good as the Americans in interpreting certain practices in the law. The formulation of many policies has often been carefully explored before opening up, and strive to prevent other countries from accusing the violation of free trade competition.
Eight. Foreign Investment Policy
Japan joined GATT in 1955 and joined the OECD in 1964. OECD requires 100% capital liberalization in principle of capital liberalization. After Japan joined the OECD, it naturally must fulfill its obligation to liberalize capital. Under pressure, the Japanese government had to announce a step-by-step liberalization of the capital market. Gradually increase the industries opened to foreign capital five times in 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971, and 1973, but still retained the oil industry and the mining industry. And other industries, and postponed the opening of the computer industry.
Japan has seriously evaluated the choice of industries that have opened up to the outside world. Japan has put forward 35 specific standards, including enterprise scale, technological level, development capabilities, quality, performance, brand awareness, price competitiveness, equipment modernization, and sales. The perfection of the network and so on. Only through evaluation and analysis, when it is internationally competitive, will it be open to foreign capital.
In order to prevent foreign investment in the control of the national industry, Japan expressed in its policy of capital liberalization that it “strives to increase the automatic recognition industry with a 100% foreign investment rateâ€, but it clearly stated that “the general trend is to expand the auto-recognized industry with a foreign investment rate of 50%â€. In order to achieve mutual benefits and common prosperity. Only industries that require special development will be loosened in equity, and the prerequisite is the transfer of related technologies. For example, Japan initially did not allow IBM to manufacture electronic computers in Japan, but in order to obtain patented technology in the field of computer manufacturing, its investment was allowed later.
Japan implements a strict examination and approval system for foreign-invested projects. Although Japan implements a system of automatic recognition of foreign investment for departments that are open to foreign capital, it also stipulates three conditions:
First, among the Japanese shareholders of the newly-established joint venture, shareholders holding the same type of business with the company account for more than half of the shares, and one of the Japanese shareholders’ shares holds more than one-third of the total Japanese shares. The stipulation is that Japanese shareholders wanting to avoid joint ventures will be under the control of foreign shareholders even if their share is 50% or more due to lack of operating experience.
Second, in the new joint venture's directors and chairman, the Japanese share is higher than the Japanese shareholder's share ratio. In order to avoid Japanese-funded ratios of 50% or more, foreign capital dominates the number of directors and board chairmen and controls domestic companies.
Third, the business decisions of the newly-established joint ventures do not require the consent of certain specific managers or all shareholders, preventing foreign minority opinions from hindering the Japanese from making decisions based on the majority opinion.
In 1980, with the revision of Japan’s “Foreign Exchange Lawâ€, foreign companies basically liberalized Japan’s direct investment, but the new “Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Management Law†of Article 27, paragraph 1, paragraph 2, stipulated that if foreign direct Where investment has caused appreciable adverse effects on the same or related businesses in Japan and the investment business, measures to shelve, change, or change investment content may be adopted. In fact, it has played a protective role in the industry.
In the way of introducing foreign capital, Japan mainly absorbs indirect investment, and direct investment actually only accounts for less than 10%. Both Japanese government and industry tend to introduce indirect funds from abroad in order to prevent Japanese companies from being controlled by foreign companies. Their motives for holding joint ventures with foreign companies are mostly passive, mainly for acquiring foreign trademarks and technology.
IX. Talent Policy
For more than 20 years since the 1950s, Japan has always put the education plan as an important part of the economic plan. It has put forward many specific goals and requirements and has played an important role in achieving the economic goals.
In 1958, Japan passed the "Professional Training Law," which has had a good impact on corporate education. Many companies have adopted school forms to provide employees with planned training.
In the same year, Japan's "New Long-term Economic Plan" proposed in the "Rejuvenating Science and Technology" section, "In order to promote the introduction of advanced technologies and the development of domestic technology, we must strengthen science and technology education in high schools, junior high schools, and elementary schools while rectifying the research and development system. And substantial research is fundamental."
In 1961, the third chapter of the “National Income Multiplier Plan†of Japan, “Improving People’s Capabilities and Revitalizing Science and Technology†included three issues: economic development and human capabilities, the revitalization of science and technology, and the establishment of education and vocational training systems. The development goals and concrete measures such as popularizing high-school education, enriching science and technology education, expanding vocational training, adding industrial high schools, expanding public vocational training institutions, strengthening vocational guidance, recruiting science and engineering students, and training scientific and technical personnel have been developed.
In 1964, Chapter 6 of Japan’s “Mid-term Economic Plan†“Improving human capabilities and revitalizing science and technology†pointed out that in view of the shortage of skilled labor and the increase of international competition, the following policies must be adopted to develop the economy under this condition: We must improve people’s ability, raise the level of science and technology, enrich the content of national life, improve the level of education, enrich the secondary education in the latter part of the period, and generally improve the ability of the people. We must enrich the graduate schools and universities, cultivate people with high abilities, and rectify and enrich the vocational training system. Enhance the recruitment of undergraduate students of science and engineering, add industrial high schools to cultivate scientists, technicians and technicians, and emphasize the importance of formulating long-term comprehensive plans for science and technology for the revitalization of science and technology.
In 1979, Japan's "New Economic and Social Seven-Year Plan", among the five specific goals of this plan, educational culture and academic research occupies a large proportion and is an integral part of its realization of specific goals. Plan requirements: Improve and enrich school education, seek to enrich university quality, plan talent training, revitalize culture, revitalize academic research, seek to develop independent and leading academic research, reorganize academic research institutions, and strive to cultivate and ensure outstanding scientific research personnel.
The specific technical features are listed below:
Speed: 1500rpm or 1800rpm
Frequency: 50 Hz or 60Hz
Number of Poles: 4
Power: up to 3500KVA
Voltage: 110V-690V,High Voltage:3.3KV-13.8KV
Insulation: class H
Power Factor: 0.8
Voltage Regulation Rate: ±0.5%
Altitude: 1000M
Temperature Rise Class: class H
Overload:10% for 1 hour in every 12 hours
Degree of Protection: IP21 (IP23, IP44, IP54 on request)
Special Features:
Industrial Three Phase Synchronous Generator
Japan's Policies and Measures to Accelerate the Development of Equipment Manufacturing Industry
I. Planning and legislation