Four Factors Affecting the Production and Development of Crop Roots 1 The genetic traits (genotypes) of crop varieties have significant effects on the growth and distribution of root systems. The studies of soybeans, wheat, sweet potatoes and other crops by domestic and foreign scholars show that under the same cultivation conditions, different varieties of the same crop have significant differences in the growth, distribution and physiological functions of their roots. The research results of Karrou, Narayan, and Li Yongshan on wheat and cotton, respectively, have demonstrated that the irrigation system in the growing season has a shallow root system, and the total length of the root system has been significantly reduced. The root system has not been treated with irrigation water and the root volume has increased significantly. The root depth of the drought-treated soil was 20 cm deeper than that of the irrigation treatment. However, the amount of new roots in the irrigation treatment roots increased, the root-injury flow increased, and the viability increased. However, irrigation at the late growth stage tends to worsen the ventilation conditions of the soil, thereby accelerating the decline of the root system. Liu Dianying pointed out that the response of wheat roots to moisture is more sensitive than other environmental factors. When soil moisture is 75% to 80% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, it is most beneficial to the growth of winter wheat roots. 2 Fertilization also has influence on crop root development Barralough et al.'s study on the influence factors of wheat root growth and distribution under field conditions showed that the application of nitrogen fertilizer can increase the total root volume by 30% and promote the growth of roots in the entire soil layer. Drought only affects the growth of the root layer of the topsoil, if the drought Proper nitrogen supply under conditions will promote root growth in sub-deep soil layers. Galka's findings on wheat also show that fertilization can increase the proportion of root volume in the lower layers. Li Yongshan et al also pointed out that re-fertilization not only increases the root weight of cotton, but also significantly promotes root barbulation and increases the amount of lower roots. The occurrence of new roots for heavy fertilizer treatment is concentrated in deep soil layers of 60 to 100 cm, and a large amount of new roots occurs. The occurrence of light-fat treatment of new roots is mostly concentrated in the 40-90cm soil layer, and the amount of rooting is small. In addition, the root injury flow rate of heavy fertilizer treatment is much larger than that of light fertilizer treatment. The research results of Jiang Dong (1996) also showed that topdressing nitrogen fertilizers during the jointing stage to the flag-finishing stage of wheat can delay the senescence of the root system, especially the middle and lower layers of grain during late grain filling, increase grain filling rate, and thus increase grain weight. Yield. According to Shinichiro Kawada, in paddy fields using compost (organic manure), the roots are covered with plough layers, and the number is extremely high. The distribution density is extremely high, and the formation of floating roots is also extremely significant. Without the use of composted paddy fields, the amount of ploughing is small. Sparse distribution, especially the poor formation of floating roots. Shinichiro Kawada also pointed out that nitrogen fertilizer has the same effect as composting, and the more nitrogen fertilizers are topdressed, the greater the amount of roots. Wang Yinyao also pointed out that the root volume of sweet potato increased with the increase of nitrogen application level, and there was a very significant positive correlation between the two. Liu Dianying further pointed out that the effects of applying fertilizer to water on wheat roots at different growth stages from pre-winter to booting are different. Fertilizing and watering can improve root activity. When the fertilization was early, the maximum activity of the root system appeared early, and the activity of the root system decreased rapidly in the later period. The activity of roots during flowering and filling stage was higher with jointing and booting. 3 Planting density has a great influence on the growth and development of crop roots. Studies on wheat have shown that excessively high density often results in depressive groups, lack of field light, and reduced photosynthetic production, which results in insufficient organic nutrients for plants and impedes the growth of roots and shoots. This not only results in the number of roots per plant and root dryness. Heavy reduction, and root activity also declined. Therefore, the establishment of a reasonable group structure is conducive to the growth of roots and to increase the vitality of the root system (Liu Dianying, 1987). Peng Yongxin et al. (1994) also showed that when the basic seedlings for wheat are 100,000, 200,000 and 300,000 per acre, the lower the density, the higher the number of spikes, grains, grain weight and yield per root, and the higher The greater the functional index, the higher the yield. Therefore, reasonable reduction of basic seedlings is one of the effective ways to improve the quality of root groups. 4 The physical condition of the soil has a great influence on the growth and development of the root system Barraclough et al.'s study demonstrated that the physical conditions of the soil (aeration and mechanical strength of the soil) are a very important factor affecting the growth and distribution of crop roots. Numerous studies have shown that improving the soil environment is an important measure to promote the down-rooting of crop roots and increase the proportion of lower root volume. The structure of the plough bottom is tight, and the ventilation is poor, which seriously affects the lower roots. Deep plowing to break the bottom of the plough improves the ventilation of the soil, which is conducive to the growth of the roots and increases the proportion of roots in the lower layer. According to experiments, 1615cm deep plowing, 20~40cm soil layer accounted for 30% of the total root volume, the root volume below 40cm only accounted for 16% of the total root volume. And deep plowing 33cm, 20~40cm soil layer root volume It accounts for 36% of the total root volume. The root volume below 40cm accounts for 22% of the total root volume. Liu Dianying and others pointed out that deep plowing not only changed the vertical distribution of wheat root system, increased the proportion of deep roots, and expanded the nutrition of roots. Range, but also increased the absorption capacity of the root system. Okubo Takahiro also pointed out that deep plowing can promote root barrows and increase the deep root volume of land rice, thereby increasing yield. It can be seen that the growth and distribution of crop roots are closely related to their economic output. 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