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Underground mining of rock gold deposit-remaining mining method
The gold deposits of inclination of 30 ° ~ 55 ° inclined thin ore account for a large proportion. In the mining of such deposits, the application of the ordinary ore method can not be released by gravity, and the application of the general comprehensive method is difficult due to the large angle of the floor. Therefore, in some production practices, some mines have combined the mining technology of the ore-retaining method to retain the caving ore, and the comprehensive roof management technology and the ore transportation method have been organically combined to form a comprehensive mining method. The gold mines using such mining methods mainly include Wenyu Gold Mine, Suichang Gold Mine, Qinling Gold Mine, Dongtongyu Gold Mine, Sujiadian Gold Mine, Hatu Gold Mine and Chener Gold Mine. According to the data of 1987, the proportion of the comprehensive method of mineral deposit application in gold mines is 11.4% based on the mined ore.
I. Technical conditions for mining
The gold mining mines used in the mining method for the full mining method, the main mining technical conditions are listed in Table 1.
It can be seen from Table 1 that the inclination angle of the ore body using the comprehensive method of mineral retention is mostly in the range of 30° to 55°. From the thickness of the ore body, the vast majority are thin ore bodies and extremely thin ore bodies, and the individual ore sections are medium-thick. From the perspective of the stability of the surrounding rock, they are all above moderately stable.
Table 1 Technical conditions for mining mining using the comprehensive method of retained ore
Mine name
Ore body
Surrounding rock
Lower wall rock
Thickness / m
inclination
/(°)
f
Stability
Gold grade
/g·t -1
f
Stability
f
Stability
Wen Hao 505 pulse
Gold Mine 530 vein
0.3 to 3
0.6 to 3.5
37~55
38～67
6 to 10
6 to 10
stable
stable
6.98
11.76
13~15
Medium stability
13~15
Medium stability
Suichang Gold Mine
0.33~11.0
45~60
19
stable
11.50
14-15
stable
14-15
stable
Dongtongyu Gold Mine
Average 0.97
28~51
Average 40
10~12
Medium stability
12.28
12~14
Medium stability
12~14
Medium stability
Chen ear Q8002 pulse
Gold mine Q8107-3 vein
0.38 ~ 1.4 average 0.39
0.29~2.01
Average 1.2
40 to 50 average 45
40 to 50 average 45
8~10
8~10
Medium stability
Medium stability
16.86
4.11
12~14
12~14
stable
stable
12~14
12~14
stable
stable
Hatu Gold Mine
0.3 to 4
Average 1.12
30～70
8~10
Medium stability
10~12
Medium stability
10~12
Medium stability
Sujiadian Gold Mine No.1
2-8
Average 4
35～45
stable
5.0
12～17
Medium stability
12～17
Medium stability
Second, mining method structural parameters
The main structural parameters of the full-mining mining method for each gold mine are listed in Table 2.
Table 2 Structural parameters of the full mining method
Mine name
Nugget cloth
Setting method
Nugget size
Stride × vertical height / m × m
Column width / m
Top column height / m
Bottom column height / m
Dipping funnel
Arrangement
Gold mine
Along the way
50×(30～38)
6
2
5
Two mines
Suichang Gold Mine
Along the way
50×40
3 to 4
(artificial column)
2 to 3
5~6
(artificial column)
Central mine
Dongtongyu Gold Mine
Along the way
(40～0)×30
7
2
5
Both sides of the mine
Chen Er Gold Mine
Along the way
50×(35～45)
5
2
(artificial column)
5
(artificial column)
Mine side
Hatu Gold Mine
Along the way
30×(40～50)
6-8
(artificial column)
2
4~6
Mine side
Sujiadian Gold Mine
Along the way
(8~10)×25
2
(interval artificial column)
no
5
Central mine
It can be seen from Table 2 that the ore blocks are arranged along the strike. The length of the nuggets along the strike is mostly 30 to 50 m, and the vertical height of the nuggets is equal to the stage height, generally 30 to 40 m. There are pillars left between the mines, but most mines use artificial columns to replace the pillars. The layout of the mining funnel is divided into three types: central type, double side type and single side type.
Third, four mining process
The mining process and parameters of the comprehensive method for retaining ore in each mine are listed in Table 3.
Table 3 Mining and mining comprehensive mining method
Mine name
Recovery order and promotion method
Fall mine
Mining
Roof management
Wenyu Gold Mine
Pushing from the bottom up and the reverse tilt.
When the thickness of the mine is more than 3m, the layer will be harvested, the lower layer will be collected first, and the upper layer will be collected later.
Shallow-eye drop mine, the blasthole is arranged in plum-shaped shape, the depth of the eye is 1.8-2.2m, the eye distance is 0.6-1.2m, and the row spacing is 0.6-1.0m.
2JP-28kW electric picking. The bottom plate inclination angle is small and the relay is shipped.
Leave irregular pillars, anchor bolts, wooden pillars, and test artificial columns
Suichang Gold Mine
First, the mining column, the pillars are post-harvested to form concrete columns, and then the mining room. The mining work face of the mine is pushed from the bottom to the top.
Shallow-eye drop mine, the test of the upward eye large hole distance multi-row differential blasting parameters:
W=0.6m, the blasthole spacing is 1.5～1.7m, the eye depth is 1.8m, and the blasthole density coefficient is 2.5～2.6.
2PNJ-30kW electric picking. An iron chute is arranged in the center of the mine, and a vibration concentrating machine is arranged.
Local anchor bolt reinforcement for individual mine test post anchors
Dongtongyu Gold Mine
Pushing the ladder working face from the bottom to the top
Shallow-eye drop mine, eye depth 1.8m, eye distance 1~1.2mW=0.7~0.8m, W/d=17～19, blasthole plum blossom arrangement
30kW electric rafts are discharged, and one electric raft is arranged on both sides of the mine.
Irregular pillars remain in the mine, and bolts are used when the roof is unstable.
Chen Er Gold Mine
The Q8002 has a high grade, first replacing the ore column with a concrete top column and then returning to the mining room. The mining house is mining with the inclined working face of the step from the bottom to the top
Shallow-eye drop mine, W=1～1.2m, W/d=25, eye depth 1.8～2m
2PK-14kW electric picking. As the mining face advances; the eDonkey gradually moves up
Relying on artificial columns and pillars to support the roof
Hatu Gold Mine
The column and the bottom column are first taken and a manual column is formed. The mining room is divided into two along the vertical height, the lower part is taken first, and the upper part is taken later. Mining back mining with inclined working face from bottom to top
Shallow-eye mining, W=0.8～1.0m, W/d=20～25, eye depth 1.2～1.8m, plum-shaped arrangement
13kW electric picking. The ore from the upper mine is transported to the steel shaft for release.
Properly leaving irregular pillars
Sujiadian Gold Mine
The column is first taken and the spacer artificial column is built. The mine mining is carried out with the working face of the step from the bottom to the top. Divided into 2 to 4 layered mining along the thickness of the ore body
Shallow-eye mine, eye depth 2m, W=0.6m, blasthole spacing 0.7~0.8m
Electric shovel mining, arranged in the lower part of the mine
Partially unstable retaining ore pillars
It can be seen from Table 3 that in the order of mining, the Suichang, Hatu, Chener and Sujiadian gold mines are the first mining columns (inter-column, bottom or top column), and the concrete or masonry stones are poured into artificial columns. And then mining. The mining of the mine is generally carried out from the bottom to the top with the stepped working face. The original fan-shaped working face of the Suichang gold mine is difficult to be harvested due to the large amount of the triangular ore body left in the late mining period. The double inclined working face advances the central chute for ore mining. The Hatu Gold Mine divides the mine into two along the vertical height and is separated by a pillar to reduce the exposed area of ​​the roof. From the perspective of production technology, these mines are all shallow-eye mines and electric mines. The layout of electric rafts is divided into three types: double-sided arrangement, single-sided arrangement and central arrangement. Among them, the shovel gold mine is equipped with iron chutes and vibrating ore concentrating machines in the center of the mine, which improves the mining capacity. From the top management point of view, in addition to relying on the pillars or artificial columns around the mine to support the roof, generally in the mine room, irregular ore pillars are supported to support the local unstable roof, or anchored with bolts, in the Yanchang gold mine test. The technology of the post anchor topping was studied.
Fourth, the main technical and economic indicators
The main technical and economic indicators for the mining and mining comprehensive mining method for each mine are listed in Table 4.
Table 4 Main technical and economic indicators of the comprehensive mining method
Mine name
Production capacity of ore block /t·d -1
Picking ratio /m·kt -1
Ore loss rate /%
Ore depletion rate /%
Explosive consumption / kg · t -1
Pit wood consumption / m3·t -1
Remarks
Wenyu Gold Mine
(Average 1983-1987)
75
14
9.72
(mine house)
13.15
(mine house)
0.55
0.0017
The average mining cost from 1983 to 1987 was 9.14 yuan / t
Suichang Gold Mine
(1991 data)
80～90
7
4.42
(mine house)
18.25
(mine house)
0.612
0.0015
The mining cost in 1991 was 13.95 yuan / t
Dongtongyu Gold Mine
35～40
15
10
35
0.60
0.005
Chen Er Gold Mine
38
20
10.5
twenty two
0.61
0.001
Hakata Gold Mine
50
15
35
0.8
0.004～0.005
Sujiadian Gold Mine
114
20
5
5
Masonry ratio: 60m 3 /kt
As can be seen from 4, most mines have a production capacity of more than 40t/d, the higher ones can reach 80-90t/d, the ore loss is generally less than 10%, and the ore depletion rate is higher, generally 15% to 35%. In the range.
V. Review
The main process characteristic of the gold mine application of the comprehensive method of retaining minerals is to replace the pillars with artificial columns in order to reduce the loss of ore members in the pillars. For example, the Wenyu Gold Mine tested the artificial column (concrete structure) and the inter-column column to support the roof in the 1007 stope, which greatly reduced the ore loss rate. The Sujiadian gold mine has used the excavation waste rock masonry interval artificial column to replace the inter-column column, which significantly improved the ore recovery rate. In the Suichang Gold Mine, for the higher grade ore, in order to improve the ore recovery rate, the bottom column and the inter-column are used to pick up the mining before the mine, and then the concrete is poured to form the artificial column. From 1989 to 1993, the concrete was nearly 10,000 m 3, and more recycled more than 30,000 tons of ore. A similar process has been applied at the Hatu Gold Mine and the Chen Er Gold Mine. This feature represents a trend in the application of mining and mining in gold mines. In the specific application, it is necessary to determine the reasonable conditions (ore grade, ore thickness, etc.) of the artificial column instead of the pillar by technical and economic calculation. From the point of view of the mining process, all of them are shallow-eye mines and electric mines. For the maintenance of the roof, in addition to the pillars or artificial columns, irregular ore pillars are generally left in the minehouse, or anchor bolts are used, and pillar support is provided. The main problem of this kind of mining method in gold mine application is that the mining process is more complicated, the mining process is longer, the electricity in the mine is more than that of the car, and the efficiency of the sectioned ore or corner mine is low; Workers work under the exposed surface of the roof, and the safety is poor; the pillars account for a large amount of ore, and the recovery is difficult. The empty areas left after the mining need to be treated. When the ore body is thick, it needs to be layered and recovered, and the process is more complicated. Despite these problems, the holistic approach is still an effective mining method for mining thin and thin ore bodies with moderately stable and stable roofs.